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SEM seems to serve as validation of same-gender attractions ( Kubicek, Beyer, Weiss, Iverson, & Kipke, 2010 Kubicek, Carpineto, McDavitt, Weiss, & Kipke, 2011 Morrison, 2004), and might therefore be a potential avenue for sexual education of young MSM.
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For a minority of men, viewing SEM has been associated with aggressive sexual behavior ( Allen, D’Alessio, & Brezgel, 1995).įew studies have examined the influence of SEM among MSM ( Rosser et al., 2012). However, higher SEM consumption has been associated with earlier age of sexual debut, an increased number of sex partners, and substance use during sex ( Braun-Courville & Rojas, 2009 Kraus & Russell, 2008). Men who view SEM have reported increased sexual functioning, sexual experimentation, sexual pleasure, relationship enhancement, and improved sleep ( Hald, 2006 Hald & Malamuth, 2008 Weinberg, Williams, Kleiner, & Irizarry, 2010). In general, among men (both heterosexual and non-heterosexual), there appear more positive than negative associations with viewing SEM. We defined safer sex SEM as, “the depiction of all anal sex with condoms, no ingestion of semen in oral sex, and no ejaculation inside the anus” ( Rosser et al., 2012). We defined bareback SEM as, “SEM depicting any behavior documented to transmit HIV, including unprotected anal intercourse (UAI), ingestion of another man’s semen during oral sex, depictions of ejaculation inside the anus and/or ejaculate in or on the anus, and UAI with multiple men” ( Rosser et al., 2012). Because men who have sex with men (MSM), a demographic at high risk of HIV/STI infection ( Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011a, 2011b), appear to be disproportionately consuming SEM and are at risk of HIV/STI infection, opportunities might exist to disseminate prevention messages via SEM.įor the purposes of this study, we used Hald and Malamuth’s (2008) definition of SEM: “any kind of material aiming at creating or enhancing sexual feelings or thoughts in the recipient and, at the same time, containing explicit exposure and/or descriptions of the genitals and clear and explicit sexual acts such as vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, oral sex, masturbation, bondage, etc.” Since we were interested in using a SEM typology translatable to HIV/STI prevention, we differentiated between bareback and safer sex SEM. All-male SEM represents 33–50% of the market ( Morrison, Morrison, & Bradley, 2007), though only 3.9% of the US male population are estimated to have had sex with men in the last five years ( Purcell et al., 2012). Both nationally and globally, it has been estimated that 86–98% of men have ever viewed SEM ( Carroll et al., 2008 Haggstrom-Nordin, Hanson, & Tyden, 2005 Hald, 2006). For example, in 1970, the industry’s annual revenue was estimated to be between $5 million and $10 million in 2006, this estimate had grown to $13 billion, representing a 1300% increase in revenue ( Carroll et al., 2008 Egan, 2000). In the United States, the consumption of sexually explicit media (SEM) has grown exponentially as advances in technology have made it accessible, affordable, and anonymous ( Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000 Egan, 2000).